A Flaw in Millions of Apple, AMD, and Qualcomm GPUs Could Expose AI Data

As extra corporations ramp up growth of synthetic intelligence techniques, they’re more and more turning to graphics processing unit (GPU) chips for the computing energy they should run massive language fashions (LLMs) and to crunch knowledge rapidly at huge scale. Between online game processing and AI, demand for GPUs has by no means been increased, and chipmakers are dashing to bolster provide. In new findings launched in the present day, although, researchers are highlighting a vulnerability in multiple brands and models of mainstream GPUs—together with Apple, Qualcomm, and AMD chips—that might permit an attacker to steal massive portions of information from a GPU’s reminiscence.

The silicon business has spent years refining the safety of central processing items, or CPUs, in order that they don’t leak knowledge in reminiscence even when they’re constructed to optimize for velocity. Nevertheless, since GPUs had been designed for uncooked graphics processing energy, they haven’t been architected to the identical diploma with knowledge privateness as a precedence. As generative AI and different machine studying functions develop the makes use of of those chips, although, researchers from New York–primarily based safety agency Trail of Bits say that vulnerabilities in GPUs are an more and more pressing concern.

“There’s a broader safety concern about these GPUs not being as safe as they need to be and leaking a big quantity of information,” Heidy Khlaaf, Path of Bits’ engineering director for AI and machine studying assurance, tells WIRED. “We’re anyplace from 5 megabytes to 180 megabytes. Within the CPU world, even a bit is an excessive amount of to disclose.”

To take advantage of the vulnerability, which the researchers name LeftoverLocals, attackers would want to have already got established some quantity of working system entry on a goal’s machine. Fashionable computer systems and servers are particularly designed to silo knowledge so a number of customers can share the identical processing sources with out having the ability to entry every others’ knowledge. However a LeftoverLocals assault breaks down these partitions. Exploiting the vulnerability would permit a hacker to exfiltrate knowledge they shouldn’t be capable of entry from the native reminiscence of weak GPUs, exposing no matter knowledge occurs to be there for the taking, which might embody queries and responses generated by LLMs in addition to the weights driving the response.

Of their proof of concept, as seen within the GIF under, the researchers exhibit an assault the place a goal—proven on the left—asks the open supply LLM Llama.cpp to offer particulars about WIRED journal. Inside seconds, the attacker’s machine—proven on the proper—collects nearly all of the response supplied by the LLM by finishing up a LeftoverLocals assault on weak GPU reminiscence. The assault program the researchers created makes use of lower than 10 traces of code.

Final summer season, the researchers examined 11 chips from seven GPU makers and a number of corresponding programming frameworks. They discovered the LeftoverLocals vulnerability in GPUs from Apple, AMD, and Qualcomm, and launched a far-reaching coordinated disclosure of the vulnerability in September in collaboration with the US-CERT Coordination Center and the Khronos Group, a requirements physique targeted on 3D graphics, machine studying, and digital and augmented actuality.

The researchers didn’t discover proof that Nvidia, Intel, or Arm GPUs comprise the LeftoverLocals vulnerability, however Apple, Qualcomm, and AMD all confirmed to WIRED that they’re impacted. Because of this well-known chips just like the AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT and gadgets like Apple’s iPhone 12 Professional and M2 MacBook Air are weak. The researchers didn’t discover the flaw within the Creativeness GPUs they examined, however others could also be weak.

An Apple spokesperson acknowledged LeftoverLocals and famous that the corporate shipped fixes with its newest M3 and A17 processors, which it unveiled on the finish of 2023. Because of this the vulnerability is seemingly nonetheless current in thousands and thousands of current iPhones, iPads, and MacBooks that depend upon earlier generations of Apple silicon. On January 10, the Path of Bits researchers retested the vulnerability on a lot of Apple gadgets. They discovered that Apple’s M2 MacBook Air was nonetheless weak, however the iPad Air third technology A12 appeared to have been patched.